An Overview of General Strain Theory Essay

In modern criminological query and debate, world(a) song surmisal (GST) dust at the forefront. The aim of this paper is to discuss general labor surmise (GST), what it is, and how it came to be. Details on specific research regarding general nervous bend theory, however, equivocation beyond the scope of this writing. This paper will instead focus on GSTs place among other criminological theories, and why it stands where it is today. Therefore, to get a proper perspective on this theory, it is prudent to begin with an overview on its origins. planetary note theory sprang from the standard physique theory developed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries (Agnew, 1992). Up until the wane of the 1960s, prolong theory had become the preeminent theory on deviance. As the 70s rolled through, however, various assortedial-association theories, as well as social learning and social control theories, replaced strain theory and left it in near ignominy.There it remained, for th e most part, until the rise of GST (Cole, 1975). barely what, then, is strain theory? Stemming from the work of mile Durkheim and Robert Merton, strain theory revolves around the concepts of anomie and, of course, strain. The of import idea is that, tour society in general may parcel of land common goals of self-sufficiency and wealth, the means to achieve those goals is limited by socioeconomic class. The disparity among what is expected and what is possible, and the resulting strain, leads to anomie, a state of normlessness, where the standard of withdraw becomes skewed and self-regulatory values are rejected (Featherstone & Deflem, 2003). Strain is said to propose the deprived into following a life of deviance as a means to achieve otherwise impossible goals. An individual under strain might also replace those goals with something more(prenominal) than readily achiev fit, such(prenominal) as toughness or respect. While there are variations on standard strain theory, they gener in ally tend toward this central concept. As more and more research was conducted throughout the late 20th century, it became clear that, art object strain theory could beg off some types of crime, it couldnt explain everything, such as why crime occurs within affluent circles where there is weeny strain of this type.Empirical nutriment for traditional strain theory became weaker and weaker, and, as stated, it fell out of favorby the 1970s, replaced by theories that concentrated more on delinquency being a socially learned behavior. But not everyone disregarded the old theory. Throughout the 1980s, young sociologist Robert Agnew wrote several text file discussing and critiquing traditional strain theory. One of his papers written in 1985 suggested a new take on strain theory, in which Agnew introduced blockage of pain-avoidance as an additional cause of strains leading to deviant behavior. These works showed that there could be other shipway that strain bum cause devi ance, shedding want for a newer, more encompassing brand of strain theory. At the depress of the following decade, Robert Agnews studies finally culminated into a criminological milestone. In 1992, Robert Agnew promulgated a detailed paper formally outlining the new general strain theory which, instead of following the traditional focus on broader subculture perceptions and pecuniary objectives, had an emphasis on the individual and his or her immediate social environs.This new theory expanded on the monetary goals outlined in strain theory to include personal goals in general, such as getting good grades or having m all friends. Additionally, Agnew introduced the removal of positively set stimuli as a type of strain, including the perception of unfairness originating from a wishing of praise, or insufficient compensation for extra work. The third source of strain presented was the presence of negative stimuli such as child-abuse or similar trying events. Interestingly enough , these three new facets of strain were inspired by research in fields outside traditional criminology, such as psychology and sociology (Agnew, 1992). Utilizing these new definitions of strain, Agnew could give a theoretical basis for many different types of crime, many more than was possible using traditional strain theory. An essential aspect of Agnews theory was that he not only listed tact of strain but also outlined connections between various strains, and the discretion through which they might push an individual to delinquency, in new ways that allowed for greater empirical support than traditional strain theory had been able to obtain.Agnews work quickly captured the interests of the criminological community, and in the decades since its debut, general strain theory has continued to gain popularity across the world. Research continues to be performed on GST, and the results generally seem favorable for this relatively young theory (Sung Joon & Johnson, 2003). As data co ntinuesto be gathered, general strain theory is continually subtile and further defined, and Agnew still studies, modifies, and writes about his theory (Baron, 2007). Numerous studies taken all over the globe have given often additional support and expansion to GST throughout the years, but the full depth of GSTs applications has not yet been fully explored (Froggio & Agnew, 2007). Still, general strain theory has been used to explain many aspects of crime, such as terrorism, drug abuse, and differences in crime order between social classes, between racial groups, and between genders (Agnew, 2010) (Kaufman, Rebellon, Thaxton, & Agnew, 2008).General strain theory has indeed gained much support, and can explain many aspects of crime, but, as Agnew himself noted, it does not account for strains caused through non-social means such as by accident or illness (1992). In its current state, GST is more of a framework for determining likelihoods of deviance rather than an explanation of w hen and how crimes may be committed (cite). These and other aspects will have to be accounted for and tested to begin with GST can become a full alternative to other theories. Certainly, testing for such a broad spectrum of strains and responses as currently presented in general strain theory already presents a complicated challenge to the scientific community.There is some speculation that the current support shown for GST in many studies has been garnered using inaccurate testing methods (Froggio, 2007). There is also research that indicates that while strain may cause certain types of criminality, it is not directly answerable for any nonaggressive delinquency. In short, GST is still just an unproven theory, with much room for investigation and expansion. It certainly appears to possibly answer many issues on the nature of crime, but it requires much more research before any conclusions can be made about its veracity and about its potential. Agnews work revitalized a dying int erest in strain and its impacts on deviant behavior. Time will tell whether this theory can live up to the praise it has garnered in these early stages. While its coming(prenominal) seems bright, general strain theory for now remains merely a foundation for many future investigations and studies.ReferencesAgnew, R. (1985). A Revised Strain speculation of Delinquency. Social Forces, 64(1), 151-167. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Agnew, R. (1992). Foundation for aGeneral Strain Theory of abomination and Delinquency. Criminology, 30(1), 47-87. Agnew, R. (2010). A general strain theory of terrorism. Theoretical Criminology, 14(2), 131-153. inside10.1177/1362480609350163 Aseltine Jr., R. H., Gore, S., & Gordon, J. (2000). emotional state Stress, Anger and Anxiety, and Delinquency An Empirical Test of General Strain Theory. journal of Health & Social Behavior, 41(3), 256-275. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Baron, S. W. (2007). Street Youth, Gender, Financial Strain, and Crime Exploring Broidy a nd Agnews extension phone to General Strain Theory. Deviant Behavior, 28(3), 273-302. doi10.1080/01639620701233217 Cole, Stephen. (1975). The Growth of Scientific experience Theories of Deviance as a Case Study. The Idea of Social social organization Papers in Honor of Robert K. Merton, 175-220 edited by Lewis Coser. peeled York Harcourt bracing Jovanovich. Featherstone, R., & Deflem, M. (2003). Anomie and Strain Context and Consequences of Mertons Two Theories. Sociological Inquiry, 73(4), 471-489. doi10.1111/1475-682X.00067 Froggio, G. (2007). Strain and Juvenile Delinquency A Critical Review of Agnews General Strain Theory. Journal of Loss & Trauma, 12(4), 383-418. doi10.1080/15325020701249363 Froggio, G., & Agnew, R. (2007). The relationship between crime and objective versus subjective strains. Journal of Criminal Justice, 35(1), 81-87. doi10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2006.11.017 Kaufman, J. M., Rebellon, C. J., Thaxton, S., & Agnew, R. (2008). A General Strain Theory of Racial Diff erences in Criminal Offending.Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology (Australian Academic Press), 41(3), 421-437. doi10.1375/acri.41.3.421 Sung Joon, J., & Johnson, B. R. (2003). Strain, Negative Emotions, and Deviant get by Among African Americans A Test of General Strain Theory. Journal of duodecimal Criminology, 19(1), 79. Retrieved from EBSCOhost.