Study into Reward Systems and Their Effect on Employee Motivation

Study into bread and butter Systems and Their Effect on Employee MotivationReward organisations ar one of the basic components of a performance precaution g everyplacening body and a reenforce ashes is a broad term and it encompasses to allow in all brassal components linked to requites including people, mathematical processes, rules, regulations, procedures and decision making processes that be convolute in allocating the benefits and compensation among employees in return for the contribution that construct do to the giving medication in terms of the work secured (griffon and Moorhead, 2009).Employee indigence is defined as the departingness or effort exerted by the employee in order to achieve goals of the organization and this phenomenon of motive is universal and results beca intention of certain unsatisfied desires of the employee. The basic motive process has four steps an individual has certain p colligateences and wish wells and dislikes that he/she wants to fulfill. When these wants and desires argon non satisfied, a drive or need is created in that person to achieve that goal (Gunkel, 2006).Keeping these two important factors in mind, this reading is aimed at determining the entailment and importance of the impact that reenforcement placements have on employee need. A translate conducted to narrow the impact of pay back on motivation found that there is a direct alliance amongst the level of strengtheners and constitutional motivation, the higher(prenominal) the reward, the more will be the extrinsic motivation (Ryan and Deci, 1985). Another study was also conducted that endeavored to inspect the relationship between rewards and employee motivation and revealed that there is a statistically significant impact of payment, promotion, recognition, benefits on employee motivation (Khan, Farooq and Imran Ullah, 2010). Roberts (2005) also supports this and his findings reveal that better the reward and recognition s chemas lead to higher levels of motivation and satisf execution among employees and therefore may lead to higher levels of performance and point of intersectionivity.These facts revealed by various previous studies emphasize the importance of determining the relationship between reward systems and employee motivation and motivation affects the productivity of the employees and therefore has dear implications for the comp all. The pattern of this look for study is to explore the relationship in a go with ad hoc setting using ASDA and determine how the resume reward structure affects the employee motivation level in that company.Problem StatementThe occupation being discussed is flowing as well as relevant for any organization as employees ar the main resource for any organization and these rewards directly have an impact on them. Motivation is an intangible and infixed term and is related to human behaviour eon reward systems are objective and clearly well defined and at tempting to relate one congenital concept to an objective one is a daunting task.The relationship between motivation and rewards can also be viewed from the perspective of human demeanour and this conundrum existed and is likely to continue into the rising as human behavior remains the equal and employees bring their behaviors to the work place as well. thusly the results generated by this study will have practical applications in rationalizing future reward systems. Human behavior is reinforced or abandoned depending on the subjects that action has generated. When the person experiences anything good or satisfying related to an action indeed it results in autocratic reinforcement and the person will yield to repeat the behavior in future. On the other hand, negative reinforcement occurs if an action results in criticism. These principles are equally applic qualified to the employees in a workplace and rewards can be considered as factors that patron in reinforcing a desir able behavior like good performance (Wilson, 2003). in that respectfore the purpose of reward system is to reinforce positive behaviors so that employees repeat these behaviors.The problem therefore to be addressed by this query study is to canvas what impresss employees and what rewards are being offered to them. In case the reward is something that does not have any significance for the employee then it may not be plenty to affect the employee. Similarly, another problem to be addressed is that how the reward systems are genuine and implemented so that these appear as positive consequences for wake the desired behavior which in this case is good performance and reinforcing this consequence which leads to motivation among employees.The general purpose of this study is to investigate what are the factors that motivate employees to work and how these factors can be incorporated into a reward system and what is the impact of these rewards on employee motivation. In order to in vestigate these factors the sample of employees to be studied belongs to a company called Associated Dairies Farm Stores Limited (ASDA). The basic overview of the research is that ASDA employees will be asked to fill push through questionnaires through which their motivation will be judged in relation to the fare reward system they are being offered.Introduction to the CompanyAssociated Dairies Farm Stores Limited (ASDA) was established in 1949 in Britain and over the years it has grown into a supermarket image. Initially its product line was limited to grocery and general merchandise but over the years the product markets have been diversified and ASDA also operated a monetary services segment as well. It is a very successful line of reasoning and owing to its success, Wal-Mart decided to acquire ASDA and operate it as its subsidiary in the year 1999. It has been an innovative company that has introduced distinctive store formats in Britain like one stop shopping superstores during the 1970s, introduction of supermarket owned brand and then finally moved into financial services business as well. This portfolio requires a large number of employees who specialize in their own areas of expertise and the company at present employs 170,000 colleagues in 400 stores1.ASDA is one of the largest retailing custody in UK along with a few other notable label such as Tesco and Sainsbury. ASDA has more than 1000 employees managing and running its stores throughout the country. The total reward system of ASDA includes components include Bonuses, Colleague Discounts, Private Medical Cover, helping Plans and share save Plans, STAR Points, Colleague Share Ownership Plan, Pension, military volunteer Benefits, ASDA Stars, Long Service and employee recognition2. Reports have shown that ASDA has expansion plans on the opinion and the company is expected to acquire Netto stores in the UK which will help ASDA extend its number of stores and employees3. maturation a rewa rd system at ASDA and that keeps all or most of the employees motivated are a difficult task. in that location is a dire need to study how the total reward system of ASDA is viewed by the employees and what are the pitfalls of the system. Being such a large supermarket chain operating throughout the country with a large number of employees and plans of yet expansion makes ASDA an i big bucks candidate to be studied for this study.Aims of the StudyDeveloping and administering reward systems is one of the most important responsibilities of the human resource management department. Rewards are given to the employees in return for the work they contribute and are also a form of recognition for the employees. Rewards can be two monetary and non monetary. When one thinks about rewards, monetary rewards are the most clear ones that come to mind however these may not necessarily be the most effective and include factors such as basic salary, bonuses, instruction etc. On the other hand n on-monetary rewards can be termed as career incentives or intrinsic rewards and include factors such as promotions, pass trips and so on (Christiansen, 2000). The aims of this study therefore includeExplore the significance of reward systems in determining motivation level of employeesExploring the major components of the total reward systemExploring they types and components of motivationObjectives of the StudyThe main components of any reward systems include policies, practices, structures, schemes and procedures (Armstrong, 2002) and the purpose of this study is to study these processes is ASDA and study how job paygrade and performance management, practices are being used for make employees through the use of reward systems. The objectives of the study includeWhat type of reward systems are in place?How have these reward systems been developed and how are these systems kept current and up to date?Do the employees fully understand and appreciate these reward systems?Do the emp loyees view these reward systems as being effective and in line with their needs and requirements?What is the level of job satisfaction and motivation in ASDA employees?Do employees view the appraisal process as just, equitable and becoming?Does the reward systems discriminate employees on some basis such as age and gender etc?Do the rewards systems address factors that motivate or de motivate the employee?What are the missing links between what the employees want and what the reward system is offering?Results ExpectedThe results expected from this study are to be able to generate a list of factors that serves as motivators and de motivators for the employees and what they are expecting form the reward system. The most important factors affecting employee motivation can be set through this process. The study is also expected to help dissect the reward system of ASDA and compare whether this reward system addresses the employees expectations and what are factors that are lacking in the system. Finally, the comparison will reveal what elements need to be incorporated into the rewards systems o make it more effective in motivating employees.Conceptual FrameworkThe research study will be ground on primary data collection that will be carried out through questionnaires to be filled in by the employees of the company. The questionnaire has been designed to study the main components of the reward system of ASDA, whether this system has been developed keeping the employee and organisational needs in mind and how it does relate to the extrinsic and intrinsic motivation among the employees. A brief description of these three themes is discussed in the next few paragraphs..The main components of any reward system include policies, practices, structures, schemes and procedures (Armstrong, 2002). Processes are developed so that the worth of the job and the contribution of the employee can be heedful and may include job evaluation and performance management, practices a re for motivating employees through the use of reward systems, structures are developed to link the mensurate of the position to the level of benefits offered, schemes are for providing incentives based on the performance and procedures refer to the ways in which the system is maintained so that it operates efficiently. In the same way, the total reward system of ASDA will be studied to determine how effective it is in gauging employees.Even though a reward system is developed keeping in mind its intended audience which are the employees but it also needs to consider the needs and requirements of the organization. According to Griffin and Moorehead (2009), rewards carry both symbolic as well as advance value for the employees. The surface value refers to the objective value that the rewards offers to the employee and can be measured like for example a 20% pay raise. On the other hand rewards also have a symbolic or subjective meaning that carries some personal worth for the employ ee for example rewards that help an employee realize that his worth is more than the other employees. This study will explore how effective the reward system in ASDA is in dealing with the aspirations of the employees.There are two aspects of motivation, extrinsic intrinsic, which shows that motivation is subjective and has antithetic meanings for different people. Extrinsic Motivation is defined as the desire to perform a certain behavior or task because of the contingent results or the positive consequences that action produces while immanent Motivation is a desire to do something based on the enjoyment and interest in that task (Ryan and Deci, 2004). Intrinsic motivation includes factors such as job satisfaction, achievement of personal goals, form to standards, fairness, team spirit and ethical standards etc (Frey and Osterloh, 2002). The study will attempt to scupper whether the total reward system in ASDA deals with both extrinsic and intrinsic factors or not.Outline of S ubsequent ChaptersThe introductory chapter will be followed by a review of the literature to build a foundation for this research study in the light of the studies carried out previously and will deal with the major theoretical themes relevant to this study. The next chapter will provide a detailed description of the methodology that will be undertaken for designing and alter the questionnaires to collect data for the research. The next chapter will them move to more specific issues and describe the current reward system being offered in ASDA while the section following this one will take on a critical approach and analyze and evaluate the system. After the outline, data analysis and findings will be presented in a separate chapter and the final chapter of the study will summarize and conclude the entire research study.

An Introduction To Independent Filming

An Introduction To self-sufficient FilmingBecause autarkical contract is fencesitterly financed, several of its characteristics, much(prenominal) as visual art, theme and background, dupe it antithetical from all other type of adopt.An self- governed enter, indie video, or underground motion-picture show, is a select that is produced to the highest degreely outside of a major take aim studio. Todays big six major deal studios be magazine Warner, News Corporation, Viacom, Sony, The Walt Disney Comp whatever and General Electric/Vivendi Universal. Technically, breakaway film does non belong to each major film studio or film company both the loosenessding and film- devising are d genius autarkically. The funds of making an sovereign film were originally mostly from the funding that conductor has plunge by himself or even that the director personally contri unlesses to the film. But nowadays, self-sufficing films are usually produced or distri preciselyed by s ubsidiaries of major studios so that, if less(prenominal) than half of a films financing comes from a major studio, it apprize be considered independent film.Where Does Independent Film Come From?The concept of independent film came from Hollywood in the last century.At that time, the Hollywood oligopoly replaced the Edison monopoly. Within this late system, a pecking order was soon established which left little elbow room for any newcomers. At the top were the five major studios, MGM, Paramount Pictures, RKO, Warner Bros., and twentieth Century Fox. Beneath them were Universal Studios and Columbia Pictures. Finally there was penury Row, a catch all term use to encompass any other microer studio that managed to budge their substance up into the more and more exclusive movie business. It is worth noning that though the small studios that made up Poverty Row could be characterized as existing independently of any major studio, they utilized the a same(p)(p) kind of verticall y and horizontally combine systems of business as the larger players in the game. Though the eventual detachment of the studio system and its restrictive chain-theater distri unaccompanied ifion network would leave independent movie houses eager for the kind of populist, seat-filling product of the Poverty Row studios, that comparable paradigm shift would besides lead to the decline and ultimate slicing of Poverty Row as a Hollywood phenomenon. While the kinds of films produced by Poverty Row studios nonwithstanding grew in popularity, they would eventually become increasingly available both from major production companies and from independent producers who no continuing needed to rely on a studios efficacy to package and type slug their work (wiki).So at the time, the studio system had brought large amounts of notes to the film sedulousness, but it too super ricocheted the themes of film that a script save upr would be allowed to write about. Because of this situat ion, many film tell onrs requireed to get out of the studio system so they collected money and directed the film by themselves, several(prenominal)times even writing the scripts by themselves. Therefore, a large offspring of the independently funded and directed films were totally different from the commercialised films that had been made. It is these films that became the first independent films.Backgrounds of Independent DirectorsA film can be called an independent film for two reasons. The first reason is that most of the financing is not from a major studio. The second reason is that the theme of the film is unique.From the beginning, independent film is different from the major studios its purpose is not to earn money. Although production is small (low cost and simple technology are the symbols of the independent film), this does not approximate about that the film itself is crude or unprofessional. Because there are fewer influences from sponsors, the independent films c an be involved in more themes that commercial films cannot write about, it also shows the unique of the director. Basically, the themes of independent films in the U.S. absorb no limit as they include politics, violence, provoke, science fiction, crime and even indescribable fantasy. So it is really hard to classify independent films the same way one does for Hollywood commercial films.The unique characteristics of independent film can be proved by the backgrounds of the director of an independent film. It is not hard to watch over out that these directors usually throw their own unique backgrounds, not only their race, but also their social status and the area that they come from. for each one director is s bulgeed in his own way and wants to show this in his film through the use of complicated coordinate. deport John Cassavetes, for pattern, who is fundamentally called the father of the independent film in the U.S. He is most far-famed as a pioneer of American independent film. John was innate(p) into a Greek-American family, so his Greek family values extremely influenced his creativity in film. So, in his films, it is clear to see his observations of and questioning on American family life. They also show self-examination in the relationships amid families. beechen Allen, other far-famed director, was born in Brooklyn, New York City, in a well-educational Jewish family. From Annie antechamber to Melinda and Melinda, we can see that Woody Allens background caused him to criticize reality in his films.Another director, Spike Lee, grow up in the same part as Woody Allen, but he has a totally different angle in directing films. Because Spike Lee was born into a middle to low class, African-American family, his films are full of a fearlessness to corruption and violence and tended to show the darkness of society.Even when dealing with the same theme, different directors usually show a different point of view. For example depend on. In Woody Allens film Everything You Always cute to Know virtually Sex*But Were Afraid to Ask , he find outs traditional sex using jokes preferably of serious discussion. Allen even played the role of a sperm in his film for emphasis. Steven Soderbergh, however, also dealt with the theme of sex. In his opinion, sex became a symbol of danger. In his film, Sex, Lies, and Videotape, sex is abnormal and consecrates hatful face restless. This is totally different from Woody Allens humor. Thus, independent film directors each have their own style and skilled theme, causing a unique structure of theme in independent film.Black humor In Independent FilmThe opaque humor in independent film is a kind of humor that makes people feel doleful. One way is to describe the compassion to nobody another way is to sneer at somebody. Woody Allen is a representative man to use the second way in his films. Woody is good at directing his films in an exaggerated fantastic way, and most of his films are against t radition and authority, for example his early films Bananas Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Sex*But Were Afraid to Ask and Sleeper. These films were meant to thrust fun at Hollywoods politic film, sex film and science-fiction film at that time. Most alphaly, these mocks were definitely valuable and were not sleazy jokes, but constantly make people think back about more. And afterward people express emotion at these jokes, they get out feel a little bit sad about this reality. After Woody Allens early films, his skills has developed and used it to make fun of all society and human nature itself. In Stardust Memories Everyone Says I Love You Bullets Over Broadway, human nature, esteem, violence, happiness, etc, these ideas has instead of Hollywood, became his targets. Although it sounds impossible to make fun of these things, Woody Allen can always give us surprise, he has ability to make people laugh. Even in Stardust Memories, has been thought it was greeting to E rnst Ingmar Bergman, it is nonoperational easy to see Woody Allens self-mockery. In this film, he used a al band of skills from European directors, because of this, he has been criticized by critical circles, but he unsounded treated it as his beaver film. Of course, Woody Allen can neer forget to make fun of Hollywood, the classifiable one is The Purple rise of Cairo. This film poked fun of that Hollywood made huge contrast between the reality and film world. Because of the big differences that Hollywood made in film world between realities, he criticized the Hollywood film industry. The Purple rosiness of Cairo is one of Woody Allens most importantly films, it criticized film industry itself make it became a landmark in independent film history.The way to make fun of nobody is used by a lot of directors, Coen brothers become the best of these directors since they began direct the independent films. Their tender humble but a little bit weird black humor became their symbol. peculiarly their first film Blood Simple, it became one landmark in independent film history, this film has influenced a lot of films after, especially large snatch of 90s independent films, its style and theme became the fashion in independent film industry. But Blood Simple was just their first one, Coen brothers second film Barton tennis shoe won the reputation for them. The same as Woody Allen, in Barton Fink, it full of taunts to Hollywood, and their thoughts has showed in this film. The boss of the film company in Barton Fink stands for those Hollywood big shots. Money can make them kneel down, and can also make them became animals without any humanity and of course they do not billing the art of films. After this film, O brother, Where art thou? became another landmark, this film was adopted from Odyssey. It discussed the changes of American politics and religions make it became more like an epic for independent film history.Quentin Tarantino, are also famous for his bla ck humor in his films. From his first famous film Reservoir Dogs, poke fun of maffia, crime, violence and etc, it became his mark. In his film Pulp Fiction, all the members of mafia has been described stupid, dirty and has no brains. They bully the weak and fear the strong, make people cannot stop laughing at them. assassinate Bill extremely showed his black risky aesthetics, the female role in this film fight with Japanese mafias, killing people is just a little thing, this picture is also poke fun of Hollywood that used Chinese kung fu whenever they want to.The most typical black humor independent film must(prenominal) be Kevin Smiths Clerks, this film just cost $27,000, and it was a miracle to Hollywood in 90s. This is a really simple story about two salesclerks. They receptive for business, but there is no business. They go to funeral, but the coffin has been overthrown by them, etc. All these stories happened in the same day, it has no directly connections but it is well-o rganized. The story is simple, but it full of philosophy, makes people try to think. At the end, it tells people a simple truth but usually been ignored by people, which is be nice to your friends and family.In independent film, usually need extraordinary actors to play out the black humor. Like Tom Cruise in Magnolia, Dustin Hoffman in I Heart Huckabees, Samuel L Jackson in Do the Right Thing and etc. These good actors are really important to any good independent films.Freedom, Revolt Violence in Independent FilmFor independent film, liberty is the most important characteristic. This independence not only means the freedom of funds, but also means the freedom of minds. From some point, independent film can also be called freedom film. If independent film want to be freedom means have to break the tradition rules, which also means have to revolt the rules. So the spirit of independent film should be called the revolt of freedom.So it is not hard to find that the characters in th e independent films are usually uninhibited. Take David Lynchs preposterous at Heart as an example. In this film, a twin cannot be together because of several reasons, but they use a lot of lurid ways to try to get together. This film shows peoples restless though bloody violent scenes, it full of Freud style analysis. But this film also shows a little bit romantic, the other extremely way to love each other. Wild at Heart is also a typical rock film, the main character in the film usually drives a car on the high way and show up in the public like a rock singer. After Wild at Heart, Lost Highway basically continued the story has been told in Wild at Heart, the style, characteristic and even the main actor Nicholas Cage has not been change. But this time, a lot of videotapes about privacy have been instead of abstract of pressures from society. This experimental film described the darkness side of people, it is the most strange and inscrutable film in all his films.Compare with Ol iver Stones films, David Lynchs films are really tender. Oliver Stones graphic Born Killers can be called the most violent film in all the 90s American independent films. In this film, he broke all the rules that had been showed on the screen, he did not even care about the audiences, just showed the extremely violent to audiences. This is not only an banter to Hollywood, but also it is an irony to the darkness of American cultures. And this counterattack is hopeless, to the strong society just a person can do nothing. So the character in the film just can kills people to resign his anger and against the society. Natural Born Killers actually has some similarities with Quentin Tarantinos films, which is that they all used violence as the clue in their films. Especially in Kill Bill, the story itself is very simple, but Quentin Tarantino described violence in details, he even makes people think that violent is kind of aesthetical. But in fact, what he wants to tell is the same as Natural Born Killers.Hollywoods ban or Incorporation of Independent Film DirectorsSince independent film was born, Hollywood always tries to incorporate the independent film directors. Usually, an independent film director ordain be incorporate into Hollywood after some of his films got successes. For example, Steven Soderbergh, after he directed his independent films Sex, Lies, and Videotape Traffic, he directed some commercial films like Oceans eleven Oceans twelve. But unfortunately, for audiences, he is one of the best directors of independent film, but for commercial film, he is not the best.But still there were a lot of directors have successes on commercial film, such as Oliver Stone and Gus Van Sant, they are both good at independent film and commercial film. Oliver Stone not only has commercial films like Born on the Fourth of July Heaven and Earth but also has famous unique independent film like Natural Born Killers. Gus Van Sant is much clever, he used the theme of the independent film to do it in commercial film way, Drugstore cattleman To Die For Good Will Hunting these films are the typical.Of course, money is everything for Hollywood, if they think the independent film director can earn money for them, they will become animals. Even the film has done, if they do not think it will earn money, they will kill it without thinking. So this is why such a lot of independent film directors do not want to direct any Hollywood films. Because their films are like their babies, if Hollywood will kill their babies sometime, who will work for Hollywood? I do not think there is one.In conclusion, only when film directors are not controlled or limited by the sponsors, the really films will be create. Not only independent film will be free, but also any other types of film will be free. At that time, I study there is just one type of film that is called good film.

The Post Crimean War Period History Essay

The Post Crimean state of war Period History look forDuring the post Crimean war period, the British passy was a hodgepodge of ancient and even cruel traditions and regulations. The troops was remote flung, scattered through turn out the territories, colonies, and dominions that make up the empire with a sm only and insignificant legions stati whizd at home. Hide bound incumbents and arch conservative characters were pertinacious to maintain their privileges and their institutions that had been pass d witness by their hero the Duke of Wellington, who in the wake of his victory oer Napoleon in 1815 had remade the troops to suit his declare purposes. He was a martinet and a hard unyielding sort of commander who, as he was from the aristocracy had a dim view of the lower orders and wanted them to be kept on a tight leash. His institutions became etched in stone, so that even a minor deviation ca utilize great disturbance to his supporters. How incessantly, certain opponen ts to the rigid and unyielding dictates of the Duke, came to power and began a series of rights that changed the nature of the British array for satis pointory.Card tumesce ReformsThe initial reforms of the British pressure instituted by Sir Jonathon hide in 1858, in direct result to the ineptitude and incompe tence demo during the Crimean warfare. He established a magnificent Commission to examine the soldiers and make recommendations for its improvement.By 1868 when Edward Card salutary, a former soldier himself, took over the War Office he was appalled that the mis-administration of the Crimean War Effort and subsequent Indian mutiny, and took steps to try to action the commission recommendations. He was determined that exploitation the entire use satis factory British soldiers to fight in the commencement instance an host of only 25,000 in the Crimean War and a little force during the Indian mutiny was a priority that undeniable to be addressed. thither was no home front army and this disturbed m some(prenominal) in the government as rise as the citizenry.However, as premature as 1862, the Royal Commission reported in that locationiwere a estimate of obstacles that stood in the way of full implementation of the recommendations. Although it was no longer operating, The eastern almost India Comp both had long maintained its own reclusive armies and its executors wanted to hold back with maintaining a private force establishment. There were also some precise conservative and intransigent ranking(prenominal) incumbents who opposed almost any reform based on article of faith and their own outdated beliefs on how the army should be run. These politically connected -conservatives were led by the Commander in Chief, Prince George, Duke of Camb respectableifyge, who was queen Victorias cousin, and almost the last of the typically Hanoverian characters thrown up by the English ruling dynasty, and derived his ideas on drill and disc ipline from kill Cumberland and the Prussian school of Frederick the Great. 1By 1870, an additional 20,000 troops and both one thousand million pounds were allocated by Parliament. A brilliant and fear enticing pamphlet military campaign helped bring down about the needed reforms. Colonel ( typesetters caseually General) Sir George Chesney, head of the Indian Civil technology College, called it the Battle of Dorking. He raised the spectre that Britain faced a come-at- sufficient German invasion and that disdain the additional troops and money credit by Parliament, it was non enough.This spurred on Edward Cardwell, who was a protg of William Ewart Gladstone and had been the mystery storyary of State for War since 1868, to update the British military and to reform it as well. This dual purpose was to be a tight insurmountable battle, and to leave things, as the status quo was not an option. There were critical involve to create the army into a modern force and the comp licated lessons of the Crimea were cosmos dismissed, forgotten, or disregarded. As British historian R.C.K. Ensor wroteIf no criticism had made ca puke it was that England had no notion of the art of war. British officers were expected to be gentlemen and sportsmen however outside the barrack-yard they wereentirely wanting in military jazzledge. The lack of it was deemed no drawback, since Marlboroughs and Wellingtons officers got along without it. Only the rise of the Prussian militaryavailed to shake this complacency. 2Cardwells Initial Reforms1868 Abolishing Flogging in Peace TimeCardwells first act ca apply an uproar by nearly every senior officer in the phalanx. It was their considered opinion that flogging was inadequate necessary. They cited the Duke of wellington who was thought to have ob maked that you needed to be able to flog the men for minor infractions or that discipline would decay. The army officers used this to validate their opinions since the Duke was cons idered one of the foremost officers the British army had ever educated. Cardwell on the different hand felt that in order to attract good quality recruits by ensuring the private soldiers life was dignified and more of a career option than penal servitude. While Cardwell was otiose to get dislodge of flogging during war time because it was felt that this extraordinary powers of punishment powerfulness be required in the field by officers it finally was abolished in 1880 for all times peace and war.1869 Troop Withdrawal from Self government ColoniesCardwell brought his troops home in 1869 from those self- governing colonies. He felt that they were able to raise local forces and not be dependent upon the British army for their security. After all they were self-reliant. Again he met with Wellingtonian followers opposition, as the Duke was the one who utilize scattering troops over all the colonies self governing or an oppositewise(prenominal)wise. Wellington had done this to keep a standing army in the field and ovoid the usual opposition to the very fact of a professional standing army (led by the Whigs). Doing this had been an economic nightmare and there was also an inability to train strategical and tactical trading operations above battalion level. Cardwell prevailed and by 1871, 26,000 British troops had been withdrawn from foreign territories and returned to Great Britain.1870 Abolishing Bounty Money and Setting Guidelines.Cardwell abolished bounty money compensable for recruits and thereby stopped a lot of press ganging into the army as well as the navy. He also set out ad hoc guidelines for discharging bad characters from the military, thereby making the service a more ethical and safer place to be employed.Army Enlistment ActThe form 1870 was also a milestone for Cardwells reforms as well as for the military itself. He introduced legislation into Parliament the Army Enlistment (Short gain) Act 1870,3 that reached the floor of the post of Commons in late spring, 1870.Up until Cardwells reforms life in the British army was akin to servitude. From the end of the Napoleonic wars in 1815 to 1847, the hitch in the army was for 21 years. That means when a lad gestural up for the service he had to endure 21 years of flogging, verbal abomination and of course in some cases, a lifetime commitment. Again that perfection of flake men, the Duke of Wellington, on the heels of his defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo implemented this conception of lifetime servitude to the Crown.The Time of Service in the Army Act 1847, allowed for enlistments of ten years,(later increased to twelve) but this was appease felt as too long. There was also a nasty caveat to this term of enlistment. Soldiers could be fulfil after ten years but they would not be eligible for a pension for the time that they served. The only way to vest in a pension was to re-up their enlistments for an additional 10-12 years. If they chose the latter they wou ld be rewarded with two months furlough, some other enlistment bounty, and a pension on completion of their term. This stacked the take aback in the Armys favor, as most of these men had no other than soldiering. numerous another(prenominal) discharged soldiers chose to re-enlist immediately and of those voluntary discharges, one in five signed on again within six months of their discharge as they were unable to face life with no trade, no pension and no next options. For the Army it was a win-win situation.While this existing system had created an army of under(a)go veteran soldiers, there was no back-up or reserves that could be recalled to serve in case of a national emergency. Cardwell observed the Franco-Prussian war and was positive(p) of the necessity of having an army reserve of well trained men in good health and vigour. Again due to the Wellington system of far flung enlistments most British soldiers served more than half their enlistments abroad. While many of the places were in tropical climates such as India there were also the attendant fevers and complaints that attended this service so that when the soldiers came home, their health was seldom good. This was not a square-built reserve force but a tired and often gloomy force of exhausted unhealthy soldiers.It was with this in mind that encouraged Cardwell to bring before Parliament the idea of short service. The Act of 1870 permitted a soldier to choose to spend time in the reserves rather than the regulars and be paid fourpence a day for his service. In return for this nonchalant fourpence, he would engage in a short period of genteelness each year and an obligation to serve when called up. While men enlisted for a maximum term of twelve years, the most enlistments were those who opted for six and the reserve duty. The marginal length of service varied, but on discharge a soldier would without delay remain with the reserves for the remainder of the twelve-year term. Therefore wh en necessary, a well trained reserve force was ready and able to stand for Queen and countryOf course there were howls of opposition, however Parliament passed the act, despite the objections of conservatives and the Armys senior officers who axiom their powerbase and forces being freed from what was indentured servitude. Even Queen Victoria most reluctantly,4 signed the act into law. Cardwell though was vindicated since the stark naked system worked, by increasing enlistments and thereby producing an immediate increase in the armys strength.Localisation final causeAnother major reform that Cardwell instituted was the Comprehensive Regulation of the Forces Act 1871. one time a soldier had enlisted for General Service, and he was apt to be drafted into any regiment regardless of stated orientations. This was another reason that joining the army was considered harsh and recruitment unvoiced. It was not as if this were a secret. In 1829 by schoolmaster Palmerston found thatthere is a great disinclination on the go away of the lower orders to enlist for ecumenic service they like to know that they are to be in a certain regiment, connected, perhaps, with their own county, and their own friends, and with officers who have established a connection with that di tight. There is a preference frequently on the part of the people for one regiment as opposed to another, and I should think there would be found a great disinclination in men to enlist for general service, and to be liable to be drafted and sent to any corps or station.5Nevertheless, the Army had insisted for years that it could be administered only based on General Service. This was part due to the inherent class system that regarded the lower orders as servants and exploitableLord Cardwell had a different view. He envisioned that or else of a general service enlistment that could send men anywhere he saw a localisation scenario. Cardwell divided the country into 66 Brigade Districts (later figur e of speechd regimental Districts). He based the divisions on traditional county boundaries and population density. He determined that line foundation regiments would now inhabit of two battalions, sharing a depot and associated recruiting area. One battalion would serve overseas, small-arm the other was stationed at home for training. The militia (reserves) of that area then became the third battalion to be called up when needed.While the senior twenty-five regiments of the line already had two battalions, the other regiments had only one battalion. The plan combined these regiments to create to produce two-battalion regiments, through a very complex process that involved tump over over regimental traditions and seniority that was not finally completed until many years later during the Childers Reforms. Nevertheless, Cardwells measures pronto produced more cohesive units that were ready to foster and fend for.Cardwells Other ReformsLord Cardwell wasnt quite done in reformin g the military under his command. He was a former soldier and the way he went about reforming the army reflected many years thought and intelligent repositioning of what the army meant and how best to build a strong and vital bit service. Cardwell introduced a subject of minor yet far reaching reforms through clubhouses in Council or other Statutory Instruments.In 1871 an Order abolished some little-used corrective practices such as branding for infractionsCardwell also eliminated the sale of commissions as well as some subordinate junior ranks of cavalry Cornet and infantry Ensign. These ranks were replaced with sec Lieutenant. (The style Cornet is still used for secant base Lieutenants in the Blues and Royals and the Queens Royal Hussars, and the term Ensign is still used by the Foot Guards regiments, for instance during the ceremony of Trooping the Colour. However, these are exceptions and not the reign over and certainly not the actual title as held by the respective(pren ominal) in his or her troop.)Units were placed on the same establishment (number of soldiers in each unit) whether serve at home or overseas. Prior to the Reforms units serving overseas had previously had a larger establishment, because of anticipated losses to disease or climate that would be awkward and difficult to replace. This however left(a) the units at home under strength since these units were traditionally stripped of soldiers in order to bring overseas units up to strength. Once the reforms were implemented, these home units could now be used to form an effective expeditionary force while the overseas units would be recruited to full strength without depleting the home unit.Cardwell also got rid of the in combat in the War Office by abolishing the separate administration of the militia and Volunteers and unifying other parts of the administration of the services. The defence policy of Canada, Australia and refreshing Zealand followed his dictates of the self-governing colonies (or in this case dominions) to replace small garrisons of the British army by locally-raised units.Cardwells reforms began the long path to turning British forces into an effective empurpled force that is recognizable today. When a change of government put Cardwell out of office in 1874, his reforms stayed in place. This was despite desperate attempts from the Army and its hidebound officer class to abolish them and return to the bad old days of Wellingtons draconic post-1815 mandates.Childers ReformsSecretary of State for War Hugh Childers, in 1881, continued following Cardwells reforms by restructuring the infantry regiments of the British army. He was reluctantly the secretary but despite some fierce opposition from regular army regiments, continued to implement ways to improve the army and create a viable fighting forceChilders main contribution to reform was to rename and restructure all the Regimental districts that had been established by Cardwell. He did this thr ough General Order 41/1881, issued on 1 May 1881, amended by G.O. 70/1881 dated 1 July, where he created a system of multi-battalion regiments. England, Wales, and Scotland regiments were to have two regular or line battalions and two militia battalions. Irish regiments were to consist of two line and three militia battalions. Childers renamed and renumbered regiments of foot and county militia into these other regiments. He also allocated that the different corps of county rifle voluntarys were now volunteer battalions. Each of these regiments was linked by headquarters location and territorial reserve name to its local Regimental District. The reforms came into effect on 1 July.In 1881 Childers formally merged the Cardwell Brigade districts into virgin regimental identities, and incorporated the volunteer operation into the system as well. The county regiment was solidified, with anywhere surrounded by four and a dozen battalions that shared a regiments traditions. This kept t he regiments accumulated glory by transferring it into county districts. The regimental seniority numbers were abolished and battalions came to be known by their number within the regiment and the regimental district name. While many regiments were still unofficially referred to by their numbers per their own officers and men as a tradition and a point of pride many were not. Some regiments such as The Buffs, The Cameron Highlanders, and The Black Watch, lobbied to keep their distinct names as part of their battalion titles and did so.Sometimes in those early days, it was not possible for the strict definition of the order to be applied. For example, the Cameron Highlanders only had one regular battalion, and other regiments had sometimes more than the required militia regiments or even fewer, depending on their district and location. Some of the regiments like the strip down Brigade and Kings Royal Rifle Corps had no local regimental districts as they were gallant regiments and a s such the their militia and volunteer battalions were selected not on a territorial basis, but due to their rifle traditions. However, this Childers structure lasted until 1948, when a rearrangement of every regiment of line infantry cut regular battalions to one, with only the three master key Guards Division regiments retaining two regular battalions. Change and reform are eer slow, but significant.Standardisation of changelesss and coloursChilders Orders also included an effort to check up on that the uniform facings were standardised English and Welsh regiments white facings Irish regiments chiliad facings, Scottish regiments yellow facings and royal regiments dark blue facings. Each officers uniform had lace in distinctive national patterns rose pattern England and Wales thistle Scotland and yellow trefoil Ireland. Regular battalions lace was gold, while militia battalions bore silver. While there were efforts made to incorporate regimental insignia and remove tri bal uniform distinctions there was a national outcry against this and regimental tribalism and tradition remained a force within the Army.This was brought to a head in 1890, when The Buffs succeeded in being allowed to scoop out the wearing of buffer store facings. Over the next several years other regiments replaced white facings with their own traditional colours. King George V allowed blue facings for royal regiments to lapse as he instituted three regiments as royal for his silver gray Jubilee and permitted then to retain their present facings.6 In 1939 The Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers, who had worn blue facings since 1881, were issued buff regimental colours by request and gracious permission.7 Again in 1946 three infantry regiments were designated as royal for services in the Second creative activity War. Of these, only the Royal Lincolnshire Regiment replaced its (white) facings with blue.8 Traditions are often difficult to change, even with a royal designation to back it up particularly when the King undermines the General Order of Council.Even More Changes to StandardizationThe Second Boer War brought a number of changes to the British army. For the three years in the midst of 1897 and 1900, the regular army was increased in size in response to a number of conflicts in which it was deployed. By this time The Cameron Highlanders (who had always been short a battalion) raised a second battalion. Third and Fourth battalions were added to the Northumberland Fusiliers, Warwickshire Regiment, Royal Fusiliers, Kings (Liverpool Regiment), Lancashire Fusiliers, Worcestershire Regiment, Middlesex Regiment and the Manchester Regiment. The recruiting areas of each of these regiments included parts of large areas of urban conurbation for the time period.The Territorial and Reserve Forces Act 1907 reformed the reserve forces in 1908. This act reformed the different militia battalions disbanding some and transferring the rest to a Special Reserve. Volunteer battalions were now part of the new Territorial Force, and designated as numbered battalions of the regiments no longer volunteers, but reservists as well.Then came the First World War. The territorial battalions were duplicated and many war-time service battalions formed to meet the need of the fighting forces on the continent .By the beginning of the 1920s with the conclusion of the war, the especial(a) reserve battalions were placed in limbo and a number of Irish regiments, especially those that were part of the southern part of the country disbanded when Irish surrender State came into existence. The rest of the regiments then reduced themselves to two regular battalions. It got practically less complicated than the earlier permutations.The Second World War grow the regiments again however, there was nothing like the expansion that took place during WWIIn 1947, the British Army regiments underwent another permutation of the regimental structure. After India stated independ ence regiments lost their second battalion. Although some were reformed during the Korean War this was the exception to the new rule.Childers reforms that began in 1881 finally ended with a completely new series of the reforms defined by the Defence White makeup of 1957. Many pairs of regiments were combined, regimental depots closed and recruiting and training organised in multi-regiment brigades were just some of the new order of reform that was introduced to the British army.Haldane ReformsWhile the Childers reforms of the eighties still held sway with the structure of the regiments, Lord Richard Haldane, implemented a series of reforms of the British Army made from 1906 to 1912, These were the first major reforms since the Childers of the early 1880s, and were derived as a result of the lessons manifested by the Second Boer War.In December 1905, Richard Haldane was appointed Secretary of State for War although he really wanted to be the Lord Chancellor. Prime Minister Campbel l-Bannerman offered the War Office to two other men before Haldane offered to take it. Despite such an inauspicious beginning, he would become, in the words of Douglas Haig, the greatest Secretary of State for War England has ever had.9 Haldane took the post with no preconceived ideas as to the role of the Army, but quickly settled on the idea that efficiency was essential as a precursor to making financial economies.10Haldane began his institution of reforming the army because of a secret pact between the foreign office and France that would have to be implemented quickly if Germany and France went to war over Tangiers. While this did not happen, it set Haldane on the road to creating the British expeditionary Force that was to prove decisive in WWI 8 years later.The primary reform was the institution of the British Expeditionary Force. This force was to be specifically prepared and trained for deployment in the event of a major war. While there had been other forces before that we re patently to accomplish this they had been unprepared for overseas service. The newly BEF would remain as a permanent peacetime force and also have full complement of documentation troops at the ready.Haldane also restructured the reserve forces, thereby expanding on the reforms of Cardwell and Childers so that the overseas forces could be efficiently reinforced and supplied with new recruits. He did not neglect home defence either.The Volunteer Force, Militia, and the Yeomanry were stird into a new Territorial Force. These reforms grouped in the Territorial and Reserve Forces Act 1907 as we discussed earlier. The Army at home was reorganised into six divisions by a Special Army Order dated 1 January 1907, with one overburdened four-brigade Cavalry Division and two mounted brigades for reconnaissance, along with some Army troops. By February 1907, Haldane announced the coming years spending estimates and proved that he was able to save money 2-3 million pounds despite creating this new fighting force. Those disbanded units and some other reform measures such as administration integration etc had managed to reduce overall spending and provide an increased efficiency in the army as well. 11Haldane also determined that encouraging the fortifyment of military skills required an Officer Training Corps to be established in public schools and universities were a priority. As with any army, an ongoing supply of practiced Army officers needs to be prepared in case of war. A commission was established and made two recommendations. The primary recommendation was to reorganise the existing school Cadet Corps and university Rifle Corps, which had formed as an unplanned, unorganized structure and change it into a uniform force, that was administered and supported by the War Office with all the requisite discipline and training that was needed to create an outstanding officer pool.12In 1908, Army Order clx established that there were to be contingents of the Senior D ivision at universities, and contingents of the petty(prenominal) Division at public schools to create the core groups. Later that year Army Order 178 set forth standard regulations and indicated that this new type of military training was to provide officer candidates for commissions when needed.13By the end of 1910 these officer training sessions were really popular since the Senior Division boasted , 19 contingents and there were 152 Junior Division cadets. Within a year this popularity caused 55 and clv Senior and Junior Divisions respectively to produce a total of 23,700 cadets as of 1st January 1912. The training had graduated 630 officers, and 830 former cadets who had already accepted their commissions in the auxiliary forces.14 Haldanes reforms for a standing officer corps was working, despite the fact that buying commissions had long been abolished.While there was resurgence in the officer corps with new members joining regularly, Haldane also instituted a new over-embe llished General Staff. The General ply was required to redevelop military dodging into a common set of guidelines and strategic aims among the various military forces of the British Empire.As indicated under Cardwell, the emphasis military policy shifted from a champion centralised Army and Navy scattered throughout the empire to allowing the self-governing Dominions to provide forces for their own defence. This also encouraged them to take responsibility for strategic interests and bases in their own geographic areas and areas of internal interest. 15Although the Dominion forces were responsible for their own defence, at a meeting of the Dominion leaders in 1907, the military suggested that all forces throughout the empire follow a standard determine for training and strategic aims. The Dominion leaders not only canonic this concept, but also recommended that to implement it more fully that the general staff be recruited from the entire Empire. This way the Imperial General St aff was a common bond between the Dominion forces and the British Army and could develop a uniform defence. The other advantage was to ensure that consistency between the forces ruled although it was stipulated that the Imperial General Staff was a guiding clay to the local government and General Staff, and not and would not have any binding authority over the national forces.16 Dominion and British army approved this new system and confirmed r the new structure, and the principle of standardisation, as well as emphasizing that it was not to limit the liberty of the self-governing Dominions.Meanwhile, Haldane had the Regular Army reformed by the development of a new operational and training doctrine, laid down in Douglas Haigs new Field Service Pocket Book. In 1907, the new Field Service Pocket Book was produced, amended and finally became the standard for all operations in 1909 as Field Service Regulations, Part I operations in 1909. This standardised training for all branches o f the service, and was the synthesis of the generally concur tactical and strategic principles that had emerged from the South African War and the new BEF instruction on the regular army. (17)With WW1 beginning in August of 1914, the bulk of the changes put to the test. Quickly and effectively the British Expeditionary Force was off to the Continent. At home, the Territorial Force and Reserves were mobilised as to provide a second line. It went according to plan.These reforms changed the way that the British army was operated and organized. Gone were the days of the private armies such as the British East India Company or the 21 year servitude that made the army feel like prison instead of an honorable occupation. In their place was a good sized well trained standing army that could be sent into combat situations overseas without depleting the protection of home. Well trained officers and soldiers now provided the backbone of the army, and were ready to defend at home and abroad.

Species-area Relationship of Herpetofaunas in West Indies

Species- ara Relationship of Herpetofaunas in western IndiesDe Gao1. Introduction1.1. Biodiversity and crisis on western IndiesOceanic islands, due to their distinguishable geographical isolation, differ distinctly from terrestrialecosystem, offer great opportunities for species conservation, and ar regarded as the naturallaboratory for the study of biogeography and evolutionary ecology (Adsersen, 1995 Crawfordand Stuessy, 1997 Ricklefs and Bermingham, 2008). Island home ground hetero elementity and the geneflow barrier between the island and its neighboring islands or land are the rough important drivingforces leading to brand-new species differentiation and formation (Cherry et al. 2002). The colonizedspecies from continents or nearby islands are and so subjected to unique evolutionary processes,for example, geographic isolation, character displacement, and adaptive radiation. Theaccumulated mutations little by little and ultimately make colonized species into new indige nousspecies that are genetic all(prenominal)y different from the original one. One of the most(prenominal) distinctive features ofthe biota on oceanic islands is the large number of reverseemics occurring in small areas (Francisco-Ortega et al. 2000).West Indies was identify as a biodiversity hotspot by Myers et al. (2000). A significant constituent of the Earths known terrestrial biota is distributed on islands of the West Indies,many of these species are endemic to the persona, to individual islands, and even to isolated areas inwardly some islands (Hedges, 2001). But a large majority of the vast abstruse of islands in WestIndies is changing rapidly, resulting in dramatic alterations of home grounds, and nearly all of them aremediated by human activities (Powell and Henderson, 2012). Small population size, gene drift,isolated gene flow, and the complexity of island environment develop already make the endemicherpetofaunal species easy to be endangered or extinct, human anxi etys doubtlessly worsenthe situation. Therefore, detailed conservation concerns in West Indian region are change magnitudelyimportant and required.1.2. Species-area relationship (SAR)The species-area relationship is one of the most fundamental patterns in macroecology and animportant tool in assessing species diversity, quenching rate and species hotspots (Tjrve, 2009).According to the equilibrium theory (MacArthur and Wilson, 1967), the relationship betweenimmigration and the extinction of species to island depends on the island size and its distance tomainland. MacArthur-Wilsons theory provided impetus for numerous studies on species-arearelationships (SARs) that have provided biological interpretations for several taxa and havesuggested factors and mechanisms that can reconcile species richness (Simaiakis et al. 2012).And the theory has an enormous influence on perspectives of species conservation and spiritreserves design.The main objective of this chapter is to discuss SAR s for herpetofaunas in West Indies regions,with the aim of discover which factors may determine their distribution over the full range ofisland sizes. We choose to fit some candidate toughies including the power illustration and somesigmoid models to see whether a J- counterfeitd part comprises at the get end of the curve. Small-island raise (SIE) holds that, on islands smaller than a certain critical minimum area, one cannotobserve an increase in species number with increasing area (Simaiakis et al. 2012). We choose tofit candidate models including the power model and some sigmoid models to see whether a J-shaped part exists at the lower end of the curve. If the best fitted model has a sigmoid shape, a J-shaped part testament exist at the lower end, and then we accept SIE. If the best fitted model has aconvex shape, a J-shaped part lead not exist at the lower end, and then we deny SIE. There are exchangeablely other reasons why it is so important to know the shape of speci es-area curve. base on thecurve shape, we could estimate total species diversity from limited numbers game of samples, orestimate species extinction as a result of habitat loss and fragmentation (Tjrve, 2003).Candidate species-area models are proposed from two bloods. The first source is species-arealiterature which has traditionally fit data with power or exponential function models, the second sourceinvolves a broader search of the literature for models that increased monotonically to anasymptote (Flather, 1996).Although the shape of the curve has been extensively debated over the years, power andexponential curves are the most commonly applied and best known ones, lately, an increasingnumber of authors have argued some SARs are perhaps best represented by functions that aresigmoid in arithmetic space and on that point are also a number of recent studies where sigmoid modelshave been fitted to empirical data (Tjrve, 2003). Some sigmoid models behave similar withothers, for ins tance, the Extreme order function behaves quite similar to the Logistic andGompertz models The Cumulative beta-P distribution behaves similarly to the Weibulldistribution (Tjrve, 2003).2. AimsIn this study, we are trying to solve 3 questions disbelief 1 What is the species-area relationship (SAR) for herpetofaunas in West Indies? Is theSAR same for native and incursive species? And is it the same among each animal groupclassification under amphibious and reptile?Question 2 Due to humans help, invasive species are supposed to have a higher dispersal competency as compared to the native. So, in the running(a) form of the power model (LogS/LogA) is therea higher z-value for the invasive species than the native species?Question 3 What geographic factors may determine species richness over the whole range ofisland sizes? be these factors also applicable to other group of islands that located in similarlatitude areas to determine their species richness?3. Material and MethodsData on species occurrences educate from Powell and Henderson (2012). Multiple basemaps inArcMap 10 and ArcGlobe 10 will be use to digitize islands map. We use different homes todigitize islands with various areas. Fractal psychoanalysis will be used to estimate the perimeters at auniform scale (Farina, 2007). For comparisons of the fit of different models, the Akaikesinformation criterion (AIC) was applied (Burnham and Anderson, 2002). ride selectionanalyses will run using mmSAR package (Guilhaumon et al. 2010) for the R statistical andprogramming environment (R Development Core Team, 2011).Aim 1 mildew selectionwe use the 8 most general models composed in mmSAR package (Guilhaumon et al. 2010) tofit the data, which include 5 convex models (Power, Exponential, Negative exponential, Monod, demythologized function) and 3 sigmoid models (Logistic, Lomolino, Cumulative Weibull).Aim 2 LogS/LogA linear lapsingWe analyze the linear function of the LogS/LogA and compare parameter values wit h vertebratesfrom globular oceanic islands (Triantis et al. 2012).Aim 3 Find out the geographic factors relate species richness/StepsInitially selected variables areX1 Distance to mainlandX2 Latitude of island centroidX3 Longitude of island centroidX4 Island none within 0.1kmX5 Island No. within 0.1-1kmX6 Island No. within 1-5kmX7 Island No. within 5-10kmX8 Islands cranial orbit within 0.1kmX9 Islands Area within 0.1-1kmX10 Islands Area within 1-5kmX11 Islands Area within 5-10kmX12 Area of the islandX13 Perimeter of the islandX14 Perimeter/AreaX15 fortune of botanyX16 Percentage of human areaX17 Rivers within the islandX18 Invasive spp. within the islandX19 Percentage of invasive spp.X1 and X3 are used to probe species dispersal from mainland X2 is used to experiment thenearness to equator X4, X5, X6, X7 are used to examine stepping stones in each handbuild circle X8,X9, X10, X11 are used to examine total area of stepping stones in each loop circle X12 is used to examine a rea effect X13 and X14 are used to examine shape (irregularity) of island X15,X17 are used to examine habitat quality X16, X18, X19 are used to examine human disturbanceand invasive species.Principal Component Analysis and Hierarchical Partitioning Analysis will be made based on theresiduals distribution of LogS/LogA linear regression to examine which geographic factors arethe significant contributions of species richness in West Indies.

Employee Performance Case Study

Employee Performance Case StudyProblems inside the Slough process and options to purify employee procedureThere argon several key issues that bear upon the Slough stolon. These include poor management, a lack of motivation of employees and unable(p) communication between the workforce. The autobus is perhaps one of the major problems in this subsidiary because his lack of professional management skills impacts on the employees and their work.As a manager and team leader, one aspect of supporting staff in periods of high demand is to protagonist them manage their time much efficaciously and thereby help to reduce their stress levels and work pressures. Mr. David Brent, the manager of this branch, fails to do this for his staff. star failure on Brents part is his inability to deal with the imminent merger with the Swindon branch. His lack of ac loveledgment of the change results in unease amongst the workforce. His lieu in general is poor and he fails to act profession eit hery.It has been suggested that encountering rearing as an investment decision could vastly improve motivation in the workforce1 scarcely that this should only be done after careful consideration. Looking at the theory of leadership by Burrhus Skinner, an American psychologist, we assume that leadership capabilities are rooted in characteristics possessed by individuals and these skills are not inevitably in e precise individual2. If we consider the theory as true, we can slow conclude that David Brent is not a good leader as he does not have relevant characteristics. Referring to asshole Druckers ideas3, the leaders phone line is to prepare people to execute and operate effectively and then concede them freedom to do so. David Brent is failing to do this which suggests that specific training would be useful. In this case, introducing training is essential to improve the skills and the attitude of David Brent. With this slip of training, the aim should be to change or so of David Brents behaviour, particularly to his employees. For example, he must(prenominal) change the way he talks to his employees, he does not know how to interact in a professional way with them to the detriment of the managerial relationship. He also does not enforce order nor does he total compevery procedures. If these issues were properly addressed, then there is the possibility that staff motivation may increase knowing that proper leadership is in place.another(prenominal) issue in this branch is the ineffective communication between all levels and departments of the workforce. This does not have for improvement in the employees work and it much leads to them being lazy and unproductive and even, on occasions, disrespectful towards their colleagues.The employees, even if they attend some work skirmishs, are not able to express themselves properly because the manager does not allow them to do so. Instead, he spends much of his time in meetings trying to be friendly and relatable at the expense of communicating issues and tasks with the team.In this case, to improve and increase the communication in this branch, it would be useful to stick in a discussion group once a week4. This type of meeting would be with all key employees and the manager to talk ab step up(predicate) either problems and all situations approaching that week. All staff could be involved in identifying the vital goals and develop procedures and strategies to reach those goals. This session should ideally last about 30 minutes and be on a fixed twenty-four hours each week so that the whole team has a correlative focus. perhaps the biggest factor damaging the employees performance is the impending merger with the Swindon branch the insecurity of their positions makes them worried. However, due to the poor management, the staff do not shade motivated to work as they are not held accountable for their actions. As they rarely get disciplined for their absence of productivity, t hey do not tactile property that they need motivation to work. Also they do not receive some(prenominal) feedback on how they work, meaning they cannot improve their performance or find out if they have done well. All these factors put their billets at greater risk.One of the ways we could improve motivation in the work force is to consider Lockes theories on motivation and set specific goals for the employees to achieve5. Locke set out that it is with working to specific aims set by both manager and employee that a persons work can improve. This could be made possible by introducing private meetings between the manager and all members of staff. By having regular estimates employees could track their performance and be motivated to improve as targets appear more achievable. These sessions should be done each week with all employees struggling with meeting their targets. Perhaps if the employees feel more motivated to achieve their targets they could begin to feel more secure in their positions at the company.Overall, I think that we should work very hard to change all the problematic and inappropriate situations because all the lies have with unprofessional behaviour has deeply damaged the integrity of the Slough branch.Employee estimate for Gareth KeenanWhen deciding what appraisal system to use for Gareth Keenan I looked at more major models to find one which would best show his potential indoors the company. There are several jobs appraisal systems that could be used, however I have evaluated the strengths of these and concluded that the best system in Keenans case is Wether and Davis Ratings Scale6.I first looked at the Checklist order to try to evaluate Gareth Keenans work7. This system requires the substance abuser to work through a list of the employees capabilities and answer either yes or no. The problem I have found with this system is that it is not very motivational. By answering simply yes or no, the results are naked and it is diffic ult to motivate Keenan if his appraisal results mainly in no. It could be hard to see if he improved between meetings as this method may not show small improvements he has made.The second appraisal that I looked at is the strained Choice Method8. This method is made in blocks of two or more, and the rater indicates which statement is most or least descriptive compared to the employee.Again, I find this procedure not useful for Gareth Keenan because the many aspects of his job may not be properly framed in this sumptuary format. This employee has not got a big personality but he tries, often with bad results, to be a good supervisor and to be appreciated by the manager and the rest of the staff. He needs to see any improvements even if he does not yet do enough to be seen as a good employee and supervisor by them. This will allow him to gain confidence in what he does and set targets for improvement in all aspects of his job, not just ones set out in the Forced Choice Method.Overal l I decided to use the Ratings method as it is the most simplistic and it allows for simplified personalization relevant to the specific role and shows an easily understandable scale of competency. This table can show the various activities and performances needed by the employee inside the workplace and crucially, it provides a scale of performance allowing for easy interpretation of key successes in Keenans work, as well as areas in need of improvement.This kind of appraisal can show every micro improvement, or every worsening skill set, that the employee has therefore allowing for a pass off sign of progression between ratings. This could be useful for Gareth Keenan because it should motivate him to improve and if the appraisals are held often enough, show his constant growth in areas for development.Also, as comments and suggestions can be attached to this appraisal system it can help him to change his approach to his work and suggest a change to his agency of his communica tion for him to work on. Furthermore, I suggest a personality test9 for Gareth Keenan, in order to understand which aspects of his personality he could work on more to improve his relationships with his coworkers.BibliographyDwyer, J. R., Career Development and Advancement Patterns of Aboriginal Executives in the Canadian Federal Public Service, USA, 2000Skinner, B. F., Science And human race Behavior, USA, 1965Drucker, P., The Practice of Management, Oxford, 2007Ledlow G., Coppola N., Leadership for health Professionals, Burlington, 2011Cole, G., A., Human Resource And Personnel Management, London, 2004Aswathappa, K., Human Resource And Personnel Management, untested Delhi, 2005Manna, G., Introduzione alle tecniche per la valutazione della personalit, Palermo, 20061 Career Development and Advancement Patterns of Aboriginal Executives in the Canadian Federal Public Service, Rocky J. Dwyer, 2000.2 Science And Human Behavior, B.F Skinner, 1965.3 The Practice of Management, Peter Dr ucker, Classic Drucker Collection variation 2007.4 Leadership for Health Professionals, Gerald Ledlow and Nicholas Coppola, 2011.5 Personnel and Human Resource Management, Cole G. A., 2004.6 Human Resource And Personnel Management, K. Aswathappa, Fourth Edition 2005, p. 243.7 Ibidem, p. 244.8 Ibidem, p. 244/245.9 Introduzione alle tecniche per la valutazione della personalit, Giovanna Manna edito da Franco Angeli, 2006.

Stereotypes in the American Media Essay -- Media Stereotypes Stereotyp

Stereotypes in the Ameri buttocks MediaPropaganda is an effective device that is used to work on and manipulate human behavior by appealing to emotions. When propaganda is combined with stereotypes, it unremarkably produces negative results. A simplified view of a group of masses, cattle ranch by mass communication can cause people to be more narrow-minded and can alter their perspective. Living in the education Age, people are exposed to a constant stream of ideas and images. These ideas can reflect the views of those with a hidden agenda. They can also produce a generality about something that people are not familiar with, and so readily accept the stereotype. There are many examples of propaganda from recent measure that include stereotypes that assist in getting the message across. From political political theory to advertising, some uses of stereotypes in propaganda are successful in influencing the masses, while others are more transparent and less effective. Sweeping generalizations of people of Middle-Eastern descent are prevalent the American media, especially films, which can easily influence how an interview regards people of this origin. Most action films promote American patriotism, but at the same time, make an enemy of Non-American people. In the past 10 years, people from Arab speaking countries have been portrayed as terrorists in American films. This typecasting generates a view of this ethnicity that is associated with terrorist activity. In the article Arabs in Hollywood An Undeserved fancy that author, Scott J. Simon, discusses action films that portray Arabs as the enemy. While the plot of True Lies seems to be no different than any other action movie involving spies and smugglers, the film of the Arab g... ...ALD, Michael. 2003. Dixie Chicks axed by Clear Channel. Online at , consulted on April 1st, 2004.FRANCL, Luke. 2004. Back to Vermont unexampled Club for Growth Ad in Iowa. Online at , consulted on April 1st, 2004.CHAVAN U, Bakari. 1999. Seventeen, Self-Image, And Stereotypes. Online at , consulted on April 1st, 2004.MEDINA, Sam. 2003. Female Stereotypes in Advertising. Online at , consulted on April 1st, 2004.GRAHAM, Judith. 2001. Five ship canal to Save on Essential Cosmetics. Online at , consulted on April 1st, 2004.

The Language of Machines :: Technology Communication Essays

The Language of MachinesComputers ar linguistic process machines. By saying this I mean both that language bear on is a valuable metaphor for understanding computer computing and that, in a fundamental way, computer computation is language processing no more, no less. The language understood by a novel computer when it first comes off the assembly line is quite simple. The first principle of this language consists of two letters, 0 and 1 (or a and b or any other two characters, it doesnt matter), which is stored internally as two intensities of an galvanising signal (either high or low). The grammar of this language has two rules (1) Sentences consist of 1 word and (2) Words are all of a single undertake length (probably either 16 or 32 characters). This computer hunch forwards in two ways. It exists what every word in the language inwardness (i.e., what perform to perform upon take ining that word, information which is stored in the design of the processor), and it kno ws all of the haggling it has stored in memory. Each time a computer reads a denounce (executes a command), a change results in memory, dependent on what the article of faith says and what is already in memory. Modern computers are Turing machines (named after the British mathematician Alan Turing), which means that they are language machines which toilet simulate other language machines. In other words, given a special type of text to read (a program), a Turing machine that understands the simple language described above (for example) bear act as if it understands a oft more complicated language. This is why modern computer keyboards have more than just 0s and 1s on them. A modern computer comes complete with many virtual computers built on top of it, so to speak, enabling the computer to understand much more complex (although mathematically equivalent) higher-level languages. These are mathematical languages, of course they have much more rigid structure and precise meaning than natural languages. They inadequacy in many ways what Derrida calls play. But must they? Is there an inbred fundamental engagement between mathematical and natural languages, or is the difference instead that we have more control over mathematical languages because we know their rules and can understand the system in which they work, while with natural languages we know neither, because we are not in conscious control of their creation and we can not fully grasp how they operate in society and in our heads?

The Bud :: essays research papers

Government Final scrutiny Questions 1-121. angle of dip and handle the major(ip) structure of the Constitution. (63-65)The Constitution contains about 7,000 lyric and is divided into three parts the Preamble, the terms, and the amendments. The Preamble is the introduction soils why the war paint was written which was to create stability and order. The Constitution contains seven divisions called articles. Each article covers a general topic. For example, Articles I, II, and III create the three branches of the field of study presidential termthe legislative, executive, and judicial branches. This is the third part of the constitution consists of amendments. 2. tilt and discuss the major principles of the Constitutions. (65-67)The Constitutions rests on six major principles of government 1 Popular sovereignty This is based the concept of Popular Sovereignty which is rule by the people. 2 Federalism Describes the basic structure of American government. 3 Separation of Powers T his consists of dividing the powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. 4 Checks and Balances Each branch of government exercises some control over others. 5 Judicial Review The power of court to decl are laws and actions of local, state, or national governments invalid if they violate the Constitution. 6 Limited Government This limits the Constitutions actions of governments by peculiar(prenominal)ally listing powers it does and does not have, for example the first 10 amendments set specific limits in the areas of freedom of expression, personal security, and fair trials. 3.List and briefly discuss the Amendments of the federal government, the state governments, and those shared by the federal and state governments. (95-102)4.List and discuss the powers of the federal government, the state governments, and those shared by the federal and state governments. (95-102)5.Discuss federalism in detail. Be sure to include those who are apposed to federalism and their reasoning. (106-116)6.List and discuss the qualifications needed to be a member of Congress, present theatrical from California and Kern County, term of office, and current compensation. (123-131 notes)7.List and discuss those who are currently leading Congress. Be sure to include their names, position, and responsibilities.

Politicking Goes High-tech :: essays research papers

Politicking Goes High-Tech     This variation dealt with the fact that the major decision makers forpeople when voting (especially for Senators) ar the goggle box spots. Thearticle discussed how todays campaigns are now chance-centered rather thanpolitical party-centered and how they require liberal sums of notes in order topay for all the advertising, and a team up of professional workers rather than ateam of volunteers is a necessity. Much of the money goes to commercialadvertisements, but another large portion goes to continuous polling and localizemail strategies.     The article talked about the need to have the speed and engineering toknow how the people feel right away. A enduredidate cannot arrest weeks or even daysfor the results to come back to him or her whether he or she is in the lead.The results are needed within hours. After get the results from the polls,it is hence time to determine what action need to be taken t o aid your campaign(or more often hurt your opponent). The candidate then needs to create new picture ads to make himself or herself appealingness to the interests of the peopleor sometimes to counteract the bad things the opponent has to say. This affairbetween the television ads is often referred to as spatial relation Wars.     While the Spot Wars help out the candidates (or harm the opponents withderogatory remarks), they can cost an considerable amount of money and after beingplayed on television the opponent will return the attack with one of his or heradsthen, the candidate will have to go back to work all oer again creating newads regarding the new pollsall of which costs more money.     A major portionof the money for candidates to use comes from PACs. These PACs make up offall contributions to Senate campaigns, while some of the other money comes from depot raisers and cost-per-plate dinners.     Before the candidate begins to play the ads on television he/she needsto determine what the campaign focus is going to be. Focus groups are modestgroups of voters who gather with the candidate to give an idea of perhaps whatthe people are looking for. Then the candidate has to try when to run theads. Determining that can be more difficult if you have the money it isprobably vanquish to start early and hope your opponent runs out of money nerve-wracking tocounteract your ads"One candidate puts on a message, and the other has todecide how to respond." After you run the ads you have to poll the people, of

Waste Water Management in the Philippines :: essays research papers

I. INTRODUCTIONThis report aims to discuss and to enrich the reviewers knowledge on the proper desludging and disposal of waste accumulate from infectious tanks. The information gathered here is vital as it provides a culture of awareness to everyone on how wastewater is disposed of. Wastewater comes from all over from our residences to our workplaces, even public places. Filipinos as we are, engage been known to be healthy yet we know little of what happens when our used water is flushed to the bolt out until its carried off to preaching plants. It is imperative that we, as citizens, must have an idea on how the whole process works and how beneficial/ hurtful it is to the people and to our environment. Before we continue with this paper, we must define some of the distinguished terms used in this report. A Septic Tank is a watertight container which receives the press release of a plumbing system. It was designed and constructed toseparate solids from the unruffled diges t the organic matter and allow the liquid waste to discharge in a storm drain. It is used to provide a storage place so as to give opportunity for the bacteria to snip all solids to liquid form, and to provide a breeding place to plus the number of bacteria to accelerate the decomposition of solids. Desludging is the process of removing or vacuuming the septic tank content. The septic tank content or Septage, is the combination of codswallop (masss that floats on the tank surface), sludge (solids that settled on the bottom) and liquid manage out from a filled-up septic tank.II. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY (REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE)In August 1997, the Ayala-led Manila Water Company took over the East zone of Metro Manila from the government-owned Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System done a 25-year concession agreement, small-arm the Lopez-led Maynilad Water Services took over the westbound Zone. According to some studies before this study was made, about 76 per centu m of the water supply for Metro Manila comes from the Angat Reservoir, with the rest of the supply glide slope from the Ipo and La Mesa Watersheds and from groundwater. The Ipo and La Mesa Watersheds pass about 14 part and seven percent of the total supply, respectively, while only about three percent comes from groundwater. Only three percent of the East Zone is connected to the sewerage system, which also is connected to the treatment plant.

Death and Regeneration in Walt Whitmans Poem, When Lilacs Last In The

Death and Regeneration in Walt Whitmans Poem, When lilacs Last In The Dooryard Bloomd Whitman in 1865 wrote an lamentation for President Lincoln entitled When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloomd. The Lilacs elegy is an outpouring of the deep sense of loss that Whitman felt after the blackwash of President Abraham Lincoln. The Presidents death was a great shock to the poet it overwhelmed him in a very personal way. Whitman recognized Lincolns excellence and importance.When Whitman first heard of the assassination, it was the rebound of the year and the lilacs were in bloom. The poem is heavily symbolic. In this first section, Whitman introduces ii of the three central symbols used in development. The poet appears in company with the Lilac blooming and the drooping star. The lilac represents love as well as resurrection and rebirth. The star symbolizes the slain Abraham Lincoln and comes to symbolize, also, the poets heavy grief for him. The star, or Lincoln, in one case celesti al and shining like a strong guide to those under it, has now droopd early. Lincoln i...

Language Speech Process :: essays research papers

It is amazing to look back at our history to see how mankind has developed and evolved. One of the remark adapted moments in history was the cognitive achievement known as language. This ability to give with others would open the door to human expression and lore. Language is a affair that encompasses in all of the cognitive processes. Although languages do share an important blueprint feature, the to the highest degree fundamental design feature of language is productivity. Without language mankind as we know it would non exist. Beca physical exertion we have the power of language we are able to communicate with one some other to develop and create. save what is even much(prenominal) amazing about language is its versatility to act as a make up of communication we would otherwise be without. The ability to communicate is vital to all forms of species, be it humans or animals, some are able to break away communicate then others. But no species has been able to surpass th e verity and flexibility that distinguishes human communication, an ability due in great resolve to our ability to use language.All languages began as some form of speech, plainly slowly progressed into a written system as well. Language is be as a set of symbols and rules for the combination of these symbols that allow for communication and comprehension among individuals. Language is unique in that everything that we refer to is symbolized in a word. But clearly language doesnt simply consist of all the quarrel we know put into one big group. For every word we use there is a rule that governs how it can be combined with another word. These rules, or grammar, are usually used to describe the arrangement of wrangle in sentences, but it is actually a more specific bourn referring to the rules for combining any unit of language, word, sentence, or sound. But, language is much more then a group of sounds or markings on paper. The sounds and symbols that others make symbolize som ething. This part of language is called semanticity, which means that the symbols of language refer to important move of our world. One big debate that has been fueled for years is whether or not animals (non-human species) are able to communicate. The resolving, yes animals (non-human species) can communicate, but yet another chief arises, can we consider this form of communication to be language? The answer is surprising some species (i.

Bruner and Wittgenstein: Language Learning :: Psychology Children Communication Papers

Bruner and Wittgenstein Language LearningA crucial word form in the childs development comes with its science of language, but before we can employ in any pedagogical efforts to further infant development or to aid atypical cases, we need to understand methodologically what occurs during language learning. Jerome Bruner, in a methodological adaptation of Ludwig Wittgensteins middle and later work in an extension of Noam Chomskys LAD, has put forth one influential proposal (Bruner 1983). Ludwig Wittgensteins testify remarks on the topic also furnish an interesting story autarkic of Bruners selective use of his corpus, especially insofar as his approach results in an irreducible riddle and a hypothesis by his own consider (Wittgenstein 1953 and 1958). The two views be explored, contrasted and critiqued. In the end, neither will do to annunciation problems in our methodological understanding of language erudition, for which the most important reasons are given. Most children le arn language with remarkable ease, but how are we to sum up for this extraordinary fact? The problem plaguing our understanding of language and language acquisition can be described as. How can one learn anything sincerely new and become linguistically creative and how this learning is possible at all, unless one already has some path into language, for example, a adequate poser in which language learning takes place? It is this framework that interests us here. wholeness possible picture is provided by St. Augustine, who likens the childs learning of language to a outlander coming into a foreign land, unable to understand what is said, yet already in possession of some language, only not the one communicate here. To Wittgenstein, the picture painted in St. Augustines Confessions is not representative of the scenery encountered by the first-time language learner, for this stranger who slowly decodes the puzzle of the strange surrounding sounds already has a framework. St. Aug ustine alters the character of the learner so that the issue of a suitable framework does not arise. Philosophers like Chomsky or Fodor, although historically distant from Augustine, take heed to provide a new answer to the same question. Their solution differs only in the sense that it shifts the problem onto a universal grammar or a language acquisition device, which thus provides the entry point into language.In his effort to dissolve philosophic issues, Wittgenstein makes a great many methodological suggestions in his later work, criss-crossing language, meaning, thought, and so forth. We also find

Creative Story: If At First You Dont Succeed :: essays research papers

Creative Story If At basic You Dont Succeed"Eureka" surface-to-air missile excitedly exclaimed. "Ive d unrivaled it Im set for bearing andmy happiness is assured. With this new invention Ill be honored for mybrilliance, and I top executive even win the nobel prize" he chirped ecstatic eachy.Sam was a chicken, the huge great great grandson of the Not-So-GreatChixken Little, who, in case the reader is ignorant, was the chick who thinkingthe sky was falling and got invariablyyone eaten by a crafty old trick SIC. Sam was awell built chicken, quite muscular in fact, and extremely inventive, but,unfortunately, he had no brains when it came to reality. His motto was " If atfirst you dont succeed, establish, try again," and he would never give up even ifthere was no way he could win. To this very sidereal day he still has an annual footballgame against a childhood friend, Bono, who is a prize winning, liberal grown bull.(In case the reader hasnt discovered it, after every game, Sam has a visit tothe hospital where he is an infamous character, continually joked somewhat by thenurses and doctors who work there.)***"You may see Mr. Monty now, sir," the secretary informed Sam.He nervously eyed the door in front of him. The big, bold garnerstatedMR. JP MONTYEXECUTIVE PRESIDENTDoubts about his ability to make a good impression entered his mind,but Sam immediatly gathered himself together, glanced back at the sheepsecretary, and entered the room. THe stately squealer sat behind a magnificently mold oak desk in the most luxurious office Sam had ever seen.A plush oriental rug covered the floor from skirt to wall, and paintings,pictures, and diplomas adorned the brightly colored walls. Extremely expensiveornaments were conspicuously displayed, scatter a DO-Not-Touch atmospherearound the room. But the room was nothing compared to the piglounged in the sleek, black, leather chair. He was not fat, he was immense, hehad one of those s tomachs that literally hung over his waistband. His four chinswiggled like Jell-O as he turned his chubby head to face Sam."Yeees," Mr. JP Monty stated suggestively." Sir, this is your lucky day I am the esteemed architect of thegreatest invention of all time, and I have picked you, to invest in it. Thiswill certainly make water you enormous profits ince the public gets ahold of mywonderful creation. What do you say sir? ar you with me or not? I know that ifyou decide to endorse my idea, then you will be greatly rewarded in the future,

Mary, Eve, and Lilith in Shakespeares King Lear, Othello, and Macbeth

Mary, Eve, and Lilith in King Lear, Othello, and Macbeth Feminist criticism often searchs the symbolic or prototypal use of the Biblical figures of Mary and Eve in literary criticism. sensation figure which seems appropriate to such discussions, but so far overleap it seems, is the figure of Lilith. Indeed, in the case of Shakespearean criticism, Lilith seems an appropriate model at times for such characters as Goneril, Regan, Lady Macbeth, and so forth. Accordingly, it is my intention to explore this lost archetype and relate it to three of Shakespeares tragedies King Lear, Othello, and Macbeth. To begin, Lilith is an enigma in many circles, with varying tales and legends ascribed to her. In certain aspects of Jewish folklore, Lilith is believed to have been the buffer wife of Adam who was exiled from Eden and replaced with the better known Eve because she refused to turn over to Adams male authority (Grolier Lilith). According to one version, she slept with Adam after th e line and birthed evil spirits and also supposedly the devil and birthed the jinn (Arabic demons of legend, sometimes ascribed as being genies). Later in legend, she became identified as a succuba who caused nocturnal emissions associated with wet dreams in men and the birth of witches and demons called lilim. Charms were created to protect from her specify and she was believed to have stolen and slain children (Grolier Lilith). She is mentioned in the Talmud in several places. Among these references include Rabbi Jerimia ben Eleazar pass on stated In those years, after his expulsion from the Garden of Eden, in which Adam...,was on a lower floor the ban, he begot ghosts and male demons and fema... ... Rev. ed. Baltimore Penguin, 1969. 1021-1057. Smith, Jeffrey. Lilit, Malkah ha-Shadia. Babalon-1. Online. Internet. 25 Apr. 1996. Available Address http//lark.cc.ukans.edu/rrosen/lilith/lilit.html Link no long-lasting active The Story of Lilith. Alphabet of Ben Sira 23A-B . Ed. Michael Abrahams. Online. Internet. 25 Apr. 1996. Available Address http//www.ed.ac.uk/p92002/lilith.html Link no hourlong active Vanita, Ruth. Proper men and fallen women the unprotectedness of wives in Othello. Studies in English Literature, 1500-1900 overflow 1994 341-356. InfoTrac EF expand Academic ASAP 1993-April 1996. CD-ROM. Information Access. April 1996. Zender, Karl F. The humiliation of Iago. Studies in English Literature, 1500-1900 Spring 1994 323-339. InfoTrac EF Expanded Academic ASAP 1993-April 1996. CD-ROM. Information Access. April 1996.