Management Of Pressure Ulcers In Elderly Patients

Management Of bosom Ulcers In Elderly Patients twitch ulcerations ar an injury that distresss fell and the layer(s) of weave ben devourh, which have been exposed to storm (NHS, 2014). They preempt occur in unhurrieds of varied ages however, the most vulnerable age radical who ar at put on the line of developing constrict ulcers be uncomplainings aged 75 and above (Hope, 2014). Elderly diligents tend to have co-morbidities imputable to the ageing emergence, which can sometimes leave them with limited mobility or bedridden and this then can pose them at further try of developing shove ulcers (Jaul, 2010). Due to having a growing sr. population, it is extremely primary(prenominal) to address the trys of pressure level ulcers. There is no particular environment in which pressure ulcers occur, as they are a concern in all settings where friendly care is being provided, aesculapian treatments are carried out including private homes. This paper testament review th e evidence regarding the risks and direction of pressure ulcers. The focus of this paper will be elderly patients and the following topics will be discussed risk mensuratement, patient assessment, pressure recognition and removal, non-surgical treatments/advice, complications of pressure ulcers and surgery.On recognition of a pressure ulcer or the possibility of one developing on a patient, a suitably trained health or medical professional should do a documented risk assessment (NICE, 2014). This risk assessment should cover two interlinking areas, risk factors and signs/symptoms. It is important to assess an elderly patients current health status and not just the status of their health as documented previously on records or on memory access to see a professional, as a variety of factors can affect the development of a pressure ulcer some factors much rapidly than others. doubting into previous medical history and in addition looking at previous medical notes is oftentimes very informative and commonly allows the professional to know of every co-morbidity which could present a further risk or act as an indirect cause of the development of a pressure ulcer. Diabetes and musculoskeletal disorders are often flagged up on assessments as a factor which can impact a pressure ulcer (Benbow, 2012). Sometimes due to the elderly patient agony from a type of dementia, their ability to communicate or remember life events deteriorates and therefore they cannot provide the professional assessing the ulcer with key medical information. Also, some patients whitethorn be in trauma or are not conscious this, again, makes the information gathering stage of the patients current health status difficult for the assessing professional. In such complex cases, the patients wider network such as relations or the multi-disciplinary team of health and social care professionals who have previously supported the patient may have more knowledge on the patients life history. Nur sing home staff are required by the Care Quality focus to keep records of their residents care plans and more specialist homes have routine logs written about their residents these often can act as a good exponent of physical, mental and behavioural status and changes which have occurred with the elderly patient (CQC, 2015).Determining any other condition which an elderly patient may suffer from is important, because this necessitate to be considered in the patients care plan and counselling of the Pressure ulcer as it could have direct impact on the healing of a pressure ulcer. For example, if the elderly patient has diabetes, their wound healing process maybe prolonged (Leik, 2013). Furthermore, as elderly item-by-items have thinner skin this already puts them at great risk of skin damage due to pressure. Musculoskeletal disease such as osteoarthritis is usually diagnosed in elderly individuals and it can limit the mobility of the patient or their ability to do specific acti vities (NHS, 2014). This may result in patients being in the same position for long periods of time, which may then put pressure on that area of the body, put them at greater risk of developing a pressure ulcer. Also, elderly individuals who are less mobile are more likely to have poor circulation, which can impact on the time taken for a pressure ulcer to heal. Therefore, blood flow should besides be taken into consideration when doing the risk assessment. Above are some examples of how the management of Pressure ulcers can become complex there are more diseases such as terminal diseases and other medical conditions that need to be taken into consideration when planning the care or prevention of a pressure ulcer.Often both the lack of nutritional intake and loss of weight are two interrelated common concerns in elderly patients, unless the cause is due to a different factor such as underlying pathology of disease. Therefore, in addition to including these factors in the risk asse ssment, health education to encourage the patient to eat needs to be provided to the patient, their relations and health and social care staff supporting the patient. Health advice/education/guidance is important because an underweight elderly individual is more likely to have less tissue around their bones and possibly poorer blood vessel quality, hence making them more at risk of damage from pressure and to a fault poorer healing (MNT, 2014). Also, a lack of protein in an elderly patients diet, which supports tissue growth and repair, can also cause greater damage to their skin from pressure. Low nutritional intake can also cause fatigue and frailty in elderly individuals and this can impact an elderly individuals encounter and ability to do daily activities (Morelli and Sidani, 2011), hence impacting their psycho-social status, which may disengage them from supporting their own health, whether it be by following the guidance of a medical practician or by being active in their he althcare decisions generally (Morelli and Sidani, 2011). This then can make patient centred care difficult for those providing care for the elderly patient, as patient choice/preference is compromised and indication of pain, which is usually expressed verbally via description or recommended pain scales such as Braden or Waterlow, may not also be provided by the patient (Nice, 2014 and Benbow, 2012). Therefore, the patients involvement in managing the pressure ulcer is vital.Pain management is difficult in Pressure ulcer management if the elderly individual has an altered perception of pain due to a spinal cord injury or other related organisation damage injuries. This may prevent the patient from recognizing that they have an ulcer developing, hence delaying the treatment of the ulcer (MNT, 2014). Therefore, it is good practice if the elderly individual is a patient in hospital to routinely ask the patient if they have seen any abnormalities on their skin and also recommend them to change positions regularly.Alongside the detailed risk assessment, a pressure ulcer assessment/skin assessment should be done on recognition of a pressure ulcer developing. This is not exclusively to manage the Pressure ulcer but also to be aware of those individuals who may have difficulty, as mentioned above, in detecting changes in their skin or possibly even possess a disability. Complaints of pain from the patient should be considered in the skin assessment, followed by a categorization of the ulcer as a stage 1,2,3 or 4 Pressure ulcer (NICE, 2014). This will allow assessing discolouration, variations in heat, firmness and skin moisture. The categorization of the Pressure ulcer is extremely important because it allows suitable preventative measures to be put within the individuals care planning, to try to maintain the skins integrity and to support healing (NHS, 2014).The overall patient assessment will directly impact decisions on the frequency of positioning for the patien t and the suitability of the support surface on which the patient is seated or lying (Benbow, 2012). These changes are vital to pressure removal and hence, managing the development of the Pressure ulcer better because they will be included in a repositioning timetable that health and social care professionals will work to as part of the care plan. The frequency of positioning varies based on the risk, patients physical ability/state and also their word sense to be regularly repositioned for example, a patient in a wheelchair may need to be repositioned every 15 minutes due to the pressure of sitting in the same position for long periods of time. Elderly patients who are bedridden should be repositioned every couple of hours, depending on the need determined in the risk assessment (NICE, 2014). A physiotherapist can often advise on repositioning that will be safe and that will also allow pressure release. Equipment can also support pressure removal. Cushions on wheelchairs not only provide comfort but they can also lessen the pressure on the hip and upper leg area of the body. However, some specialists advise that air, water or foam filled support devices are better than traditional cushions (Benbow, 2012). subatomic pillows/foam pads can also support areas of the body from touching each other, such as between the knees or ankles. These can also be employ for comfort and support when laying in different angled positions for example, when a patient is lying on their side, their legs may need further support (Benbow, 2012). Reclining chairs/ alter chairs can also be set at different positions to support pressure removal. Patients, relatives and supporting professionals need to ensure that the skin of the patient is regularly checked, as repositioning regularly can also cause skin damage due to the skin of an elderly individual being thinner.Specialised mattresses can also reduce pressure in comparison to standard mattresses. Furthermore, some specialist mattr esses can be connected to an air flow system which can automatically regulate the pressure, hence making the care and management of pressure ulcers in bedridden patients easier for health professionals or carers/relatives. This may be a change that medical/health professionals recommend to elderly patients at home or even for patients in long term care/rehabilitation however, research is still lacking(p) on how much contribution mattress change actually has on directly lessening the risk of pressure ulcer development (Vanderwee et al, 2008 and UCSF, 2011) in comparison to other cost effective changes.Depending on the wound of the ulcer and the skin damage, often dressings and ointments are used to manage the pressure ulcer and to manage infection. Antibiotics may be prescribed, but not often, as usually antiseptic creams can be applied directly on the wound to prevent the spread of infection to connecting tissues. Ointments and creams may also be used to prevent or treat skin dama ge such as incontinence-associated dermatitis. The skin assessment should be able to line those at risk of developing such dermatitis, as these patients often have one or more of the following conditions incontinence, oedema or dry skin (NICE, 2014). Dressings which have been specially designed to promote wound healing and cell regrowth should be used on a pressure ulcer wound. Examples of suitable dressings include hydrocolloid dressings and aliginate dressings (NHS, 2014). These dressings also can support the regulation of skin moisture, which is important to manage the Pressure ulcer. Research and development into wound repair technology is advancing and specially designed dressings give less trauma to the patient upon removal. Therefore, the correct dressing is vital as unsuitable dressings may cause further skin breakdown. As briefly mentioned earlier in this paper, the patients diet may need altering to ensure that the elderly patient is taking nutrients which will support w ound healing. Hydration is also important to maintain skin moisture and avoid flaky skin (Convatec, 2012). Hydrotherapy can also be used to keep skin clean, with potential natural removal of dead cells.In some cases, the wound healing process may be compromised due to necrotic tissue and this dead tissue will need to be removed via a debridement method. Debridement methods vary depending on the clinical situation. Larvae therapy can be used as an alternative method to debridement this therapy consists of putting maggots on the wound for a few days via a dressing and gauze. Maggots can also promote healing due to the release of a meat that kills bacteria. Sometimes when grade 3 or 4 Pressure Ulcer wounds do not heal or they become complicated cases, surgery is needed. This is usually either surgery which directly closes the wound or flap reconstruction.To conclude, this paper has attempted to cover the overall management of pressure ulcers in elderly patients. Despite, the treatment s and clinical practice carried out by medical/health professionals being similar to younger patients, the risks of pressure ulcer development and healing due to the ageing process are different. Also, co-morbidity is more identifiable in elderly patients and skin structure/composition differs due to the thinning of the skin. There are clear guidelines on managing pressure ulcers by NICE however, further research needs to be done to optimize the management of pressure ulcers in elderly patients (Cullum, 2013).BibliographyBenbow, M. (2012) Management of Pressure ulcers. Online procurable fromhttp//www.nursinginpractice.com/article/management-pressure-ulcersCare Quality Commission. (2015) Regulation 17 good governance. Online available fromhttp//www.cqc.org.uk/content/regulation-17-good-governanceConvatec. (2012) The Role of Modern Wound Dressings in Stage I Pressure Ulcers and Patients at Risk of Pressure Ulcer Formation. Online Available fromhttp//www.convatec.co.uk/media/9572137 /aquacel-foam-dressing-shown-to-protect-against-ski-11546.pdfCullum, N. (2013) Study reveals pressure ulcer research uncertainties. Online Available fromhttp//www.manchester.ac.uk/discover/news/article/?id=10016Jaul, E. (2010) Assessment and management of pressure ulcers in the elderly current strategies. Journal of Drugs and Aging. 27 (4). p. 311-325.Leik, M.T.C. (2013) Adult-Gerontology Nurse Practitioner Certification Intensive Review Fast Facts and Practice Questions. 2nd ed. customs duty Publishing Company New York.Medical News Today. (2014) What are bedsores (pressure ulcers)? What causes bed sores? Online Available fromhttp//www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/173972.phpMorelli, V and Sidani, M. (2011) Fatigue and Chronic Fatigue in the Elderly Definitions, Diagnoses, and treatments. Clinics in Geriatric Medicine. 27 (4). p. 673 686.National Health Institute. (2014) Osteoarthritis. Online Available fromhttp//www.nhs.uk/Conditions/osteoarthritis/Pages/Introduction.aspxNational Health Service. (2014) Pressure ulcers Treatment. Online Available fromhttp//www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Pressure-ulcers/Pages/Treatment.aspxNational Institute for Health and Care Excellence. (2014) Pressure ulcers prevention and management of pressure ulcers. Online Available fromhttps//www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg179/resources/guidance-pressure-ulcers-prevention-and-management-of-pressure-ulcers-pdfUniversity of California at San Francisco. (2011) A critical analysis of Patient Safety Practices evidence report no.43. Online Available fromhttp//archive.ahrq.gov/clinic/ptsafetyVanderwee, K, Grypdonck, M, Defloor, T. (2008) Alternating pressure air mattresses as prevention for pressure ulcers A literature review. International Journal of Nursing Studies. 45 (5). p. 784-801